🌟 Summative Case Study

2025/26 Autumn Term

Author

Dr. Ghita Berrada

Published

20 August 2025

🎯 OBJECTIVE:

⌛ DUE DATE: 19 January 2026 5pm.

🗺️ Context

Over the last two decades, financial markets have become increasingly automated. Today, the majority of trades on major stock exchanges are carried out not by human traders, but by algorithms. AI models can predict short-term price movements, manage investment portfolios, and even adapt dynamically to market changes using reinforcement learning. Proponents argue these systems increase efficiency and liquidity, while critics warn that they may create fragility and amplify inequality. In 2010, a “flash crash” caused the Dow Jones to drop nearly 1,000 points in minutes — a dramatic example of the risks posed by algorithmic decision-making.

📚 Case study materials

For this case study, you will rely on the following materials:

🗞️ News articles

🕸️ Online magazines and blogs

🎓 Academic articles

📝 Policy reports

❓ Questions

Relying on the materials provided, your own knowledge, and at least 3 additional references, answer the following questions. Write for a general audience with no background in economics or data science. You are also to assume your audience knows nothing about DS101A or its content!

  1. What is algorithmic trading? How has AI changed traditional trading?
  2. What are some common AI techniques used in algorithmic trading? How do they work at a basic technical level? (Some level of technical detail is needed here!)
  3. What assumptions do these models make about markets and human behavior? Are these assumptions realistic?
  4. What are the potential benefits of AI in trading (e.g., efficiency, speed, liquidity, forecasting accuracy)?
  5. What risks do AI-driven trading systems pose (e.g., flash crashes, systemic instability, unequal access to markets)?
  6. How do different stakeholders — traders, economists, regulators, the public — perceive the use of AI in markets?
  7. Should AI in financial markets be regulated more strictly? If so, how?
  8. Finally, what is your view: does AI strengthen or weaken the fairness and stability of the global economy?

📝 Instructions

  1. Your answers to the questions must be written in Quarto Markdown. You are to submit an HTML file generated with Quarto Markdown.

  2. Feel free to modify the layout and aesthetics of the Quarto Markdown template. You can also add images, tables, bullet points, etc. to your answers.

  3. Each of your answers need to be properly substantiated with evidence.

  4. You can use part or all of the materials provided but you need to include at least 3 more references than the ones provided in your answers. You must cite these references in your markdown using Zotero (revisit 💻 Quarto/Zotero tutorial).

    • Any ideas, arguments or results that were not produced by your mind must be cited in the references.
    • 👉 Avoid making explicit references to the course (e.g., writing things like “As we saw in Week 05…”), as this would go against the spirit of the exercise, which is to write to a general audience. Instead, refer to the bibliography we have provided and try to make connections between the ideas we have discussed and the case study. The same goes for AI-generated text.

  5. Make your writing clear, do not hide your thoughts behind jargon. You are not writing an academic article. Your case study is emulating a communication you would send to work colleagues who have very different educational backgrounds. You can find tips on how to write clearly and make your argumentation coherent in the Resources on clean and logical writing section of the 📄 Resources on argumentation and logical fallacies page on the course website.

  6. Do not plagiarise. It is not that difficult to spot that someone copied content from other sources and, frankly, it is very embarrassing if you get caught. Here is the link to the LSE regulation on plagiarism.

    • You are allowed to use Generative AI to help you write your essay. But you are asked to report the AI tool you used and the extent to which you used it. Read more about Generative AI in the section below. Check the Generative AI Policy for how reference use of Generative AI in your essay.

  7. Make sure you address all the questions.

🤖 Using AI help?

You are allowed to use Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT to help you write your essay. If you do use it, however minimal use you made, you are asked to report the AI tool you used and add an extra section to your essay to explain the extent to which you used it (this won’t count towards the word limit).

Note that, while these tools can be helpful, they tend to generate responses that sound convincing but are not necessarily correct. Another problem is that they tend to generate responses that are formulaic and repetitive; thus, limiting your chances of getting a high mark.

In effect, you are asked to explain the following:

  • What AI tool did you use?
  • How did you use it? For example, did you use it to generate ideas, write a draft, proofread your essay, etc.?
  • How much of your essay was written by the AI tool? For example, did you feed it the entire prompt and it wrote the entire essay? Or did you feed it guided questions?
  • If you didn’t edit the AI tool’s output, what was the output like? For example, did it produce a coherent essay?
  • What did you do to make sure that the AI tool did not produce gibberish? and that the essay was not formulaic.
  • Importantly, how did you ensure that the essay did not contain any plagiarism?

✅ Submission

  • Render your Quarto Markdown file to HTML
  • ⚠️ IMPORTANT ⚠️: Rename your HTML to DS101A-2025-summative-case-study-<CANDIDATE_NUMBER>.html, replacing <CANDIDATE_NUMBER> with your candidate number. For example: DS101A-2025-summative-case-study-123456.html
  • Upload this file to Moodle under the appropriate assignment.

✋ Getting Help

  • If you have any questions about the assignment, please post them on #help channel on Slack.
  • Book office hours.
  • Attend drop-in sessions (dates to be confirmed).
  • Organise a study group with your classmates.

📑 Marking Scheme

The following is the marking scheme we will use to mark your case study. Note that full marks mean that you have met a particular criterion to an extremely high standard, beyond our expectations. If you did “everything right”, you should expect about 70% of the marks on each criterion.

🧮 Understanding of technical theories and algorithms (0-20 marks)
Marks awarded Level Description
<5
marks		 Fail to demonstrate the technical concepts
and algorithms related to the case study		 You barely described any technical concept and/or algorithm related to the case study and if you did, you did so in a very superficial way that showed lack of understanding of the concepts described.
5-10
marks		 Adequate knowledge of the technical concepts
and algorithms related to the case study		 You show some high level understanding of the technical concepts and algorithms associated with the autonomous vehicles case study and you are able to convey that understanding to a large extent.

However, there are rather major gaps in your technical concepts and algorithms associated with the predictive policing case study.
11-15
marks		 Very good knowledge of technical concepts
and algorithms related to the case study		 You clearly understand most, if not all, of the technical concepts and algorithms that underpin the autonomous vehicles case study. However, you might either:
- still have minor misconconceptions about some concepts AND/OR
- convey the concepts in a way that would be slightly confusing to a general lay audience
>15
marks		 🏆 Excellent knowledge of the technical concepts
and algorithms related to the case study		 Each of your answers demonstrates a very thorough and detailed understanding of the technical concepts and algorithms that relate to this case study i.e autonomous vehicles.
At the same time, you understand them enough to be able to express them in layman’s language.
🤔 Critical thinking (0-30 marks)
Marks awarded Level Description
<7
marks		 Complete lack of critical thinking about sources and algorithm used You don’t show no critical reflection at all on the topics linked to the case study.
7-15
marks		 Limited degree of critical thinking about sources and algorithm used You present ideas mostly at face value and your reflection on them and critical examination of them remains skin deep and shallow.
16-22
marks		 Some degree of critical thinking about sources and algorithms used You show some degree of critical thinking relating to the topic of the case study but your critical thinking skills lack some nuance
>22
marks		 🏆 Engage critically with sources and algorithms used You are able to reflect critically on the topic of autonomous vehicles but also question the quality of the materials you are engaging with to build your answers to the case study
🧬 Organisation and structure (0-15 marks)
Marks awarded Level Description
<3
marks		 Poor Information and ideas are poorly sequenced. The audience has difficulty following the thread of thought.
4-7
marks		 Fair Information and ideas are presented in an order that the audience can mostly follow.
8-11
marks		 Good Information and ideas are presented in a logical sequence which is followed by the reader with little or no difficulty
>11
marks		 🏆 Excellent Information and ideas are presented in a logical sequence which flows naturally and is engaging to the audience
🕵️ Use of literature and evidence (0-12 marks)
Marks awarded Level Description
<3
marks		 Poor You fail to provide any, or accurate empirical information; you make empirical claims with no evidence to back them up; you use no or inappropriate sources.
4-6
marks		 Fair You have some difficulties in identifying sufficient or relevant information; insufficient support for empirical claims from reliable sources; use of few or somewhat inappropriate sources.
7-9
marks		 Good You have some success in making sufficient and relevant empirical claims and in providing sufficient support for them from a reasonable number of reliable sources
>9
marks		 🏆 Excellent You accurately identified sufficient and relevant empirical information, and draw on support from sufficient and reliable sources
📝 Communication and formatting (0-8 marks)
Marks awarded Level Description
<3
marks		 Poor Your Quarto formatting makes it difficult, if not impossible to read your document: major elements of the HTML document are missing. Your writing style is not fit for a general audience.
3-4
marks		 Fair Your Quarto formatting is very basic (though the document is readable). Your writing is generally too complex for a general audience.
5-6
marks		 Good You occasionally forget to explain the odd technical concept or abbreviation that a general audience might not be familiar with but your writing style is generally highly legible. Your Quarto formatting is neat, though a few minor elements here and there could be improved.
>6
marks		 🏆 Excellent You customized your Quarto Markdown formatting, including correctly formatted and referenced tables and figured as needed. Your citations are perfectly formatted too. Your writing style is fit for a general audience, free of jargon and excessive abbreviations.
🎨 Originality in problem solving as a data scientist (0-15 marks)
Marks awarded Level Description
<3
marks		 Poor Your answers lack originality: there are no new ideas, insights, or creative synthesis. You primarily reuses others’ work or perspectives without contribution or unique perspective.
4-7
marks		 Fair Some originality is evident in your answers; you present original thoughts, analyses or perspectives, though they may be less fully developed or occasionally rely on conventional perspectives.
8-11
marks		 Good You show considerable originality; you present well-developed, unique insights or approaches that enhance understanding of the peculiarities of the case study (i.e its technical aspects and/or its ethical aspects).
>11
marks		 🏆 Excellent You demonstrates a high level of originality with innovative ideas or approaches. Your work is unique, showing creative synthesis or novel application of theories, concepts, or data.

References

Assad, Stephanie, Robert Clark, Daniel Ershov, and Lei Xu. 2024. “Algorithmic Pricing and Competition: Empirical Evidence from the German Retail Gasoline Market.” Journal of Political Economy 132 (3): 723–71. https://doi.org/10.1086/726906.
Dakalbab, Fatima, Manar Abu Talib, Qassim Nasir, and Tracy Saroufil. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Financial Trading: A Systematic Literature Review.” Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 36 (3): 102015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2024.102015.
Dou, Winston Wei, Itay Goldstein, and Yan Ji. 2025. “AI-Powered Trading, Algorithmic Collusion, and Price Efficiency.” Working Paper 34054. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w34054.
Financial Policy Committee (Bank of England). 2025. “Financial Stability in Focus: Artificial Intelligence in the Financial System.” https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/financial-stability-in-focus/2025/april-2025.
IMF. 2024. “Global Financial Stability Report, October 2024 - Steadying the Course: Uncertainty, Artificial Intelligence, and Financial Stability, Chapter 3.” IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/GFSR/Issues/2024/10/22/global-financial-stability-report-october-2024.
Jacob Leal, Sandrine, and Nobuyuki Hanaki. 2023. “Algorithmic Trading, What If It Is Just an Illusion? Evidence from Experimental Asset Markets.” {SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4620189.
Leonard Ng, and Qalid Mohamed. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence in Financial Markets: Systemic Risk and Market Abuse Concerns.” Sidley. https://www.sidley.com/en/insights/newsupdates/2024/12/artificial-intelligence-in-financial-markets-systemic-risk-and-market-abuse-concerns.
Mattioli, Dana. 2023. “Amazon Used Secret ’Project Nessie’ Algorithm to Raise Prices: The Strategy, as Described in Redacted Parts of FTC Lawsuit, Is Part of Agency’s Case That Amazon Has Outsize Influence on Consumer Prices.” Wall Street Journal (Online). https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/amazon-used-secret-project-nessie-algorithm-to-raise-prices-6c593706.
Nassira Abbas, Charles Cohen, Dirk Jan Grolleman, and Benjamin Mosk. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence Can Make Markets More Efficient—and More Volatile.” IMF Blog. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/10/15/artificial-intelligence-can-make-markets-more-efficient-and-more-volatile.
Natasha Dusaj. 2022. “The Issue with Measuring Legal Risks of Algorithmic Trading.” Columbia Business Law Review. https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/CBLR/announcement/view/570.
Shukla, Pradip K, and Sashan Umashankar. 2025. “The Role of Advanced Technologies in Automated Trading Systems and Its Influence on Investor Attitudes.” European Journal of Business and Management Research 10 (1): 8–16. https://www.ejbmr.org/index.php/ejbmr/article/view/2542.
Tomei, Philip Moreira, Rupal Jain, and Matija Franklin. 2025. “AI Governance Through Markets.” https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.17755.
Victor Tan. 2025. “The Rise of AI in Trading: How Automation Is Changing Investment Strategies.” LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rise-ai-trading-how-automation-changing-investment-strategies-tan-9jsic.